TLR3 and neoplasm: For example, cGAS recognizes pathogenic or DAMP DNA and translocates to the nucleus for inhibiting DNA repair through homologous recombination and promoting tumorigenesis.25,26 Interestingly, the expression of cytoplasmic TLR3 is reported to be a predictor of poor prognosis in breast,27 lung,23 and esophageal cancer patients28 and is linked to phenotypes including tumor proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and chemoresistance, but these studies have not described the subcellular location of TLR3, cytoplasm or nucleus.