TLR3 and neoplasm: Previous studies have shown that cytoplasmic dsRNA triggers cytosolic sensing by TLR3 and activates downstream pathways, leading to the type I interferon response and tumor cell apoptosis.37–39 For the effect of nuclear TLR3 on the cancer cell apoptosis, we detected the apoptotic ratio of cancer cells with TLR3 knockout or TLR3 rescue upon GEM treatment.