Removal of the GlcNAc–GroP side chain resulted in increased in vitro killing by human whole blood, neutrophils and platelet releasate and attenuated virulence in murine and rabbit infection models [12], whereas removal of just the GroP moiety resulted in resistance against human cationic antimicrobial proteins, human bactericidal enzyme group IIA-secreted phospholipase (hGIIa), lysozyme and histones, while increasing susceptibility to zinc [8, 13]. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL1P1 and infection.