By extension, given that CXCL9:SPP1 TAM polarity has been shown to correlate with cancer progression and patient prognosis (36), the results shown here suggest that exposure to dazostinag may not only prime tumors for response to ICIs targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis but may also induce antitumor responses as a single agent by effectively shifting the immune cell composition and activity state of the TME via a primary effect on TAMs. This evidence concerns the gene SPP1 and cancer.