Invasive neoplasms developed exclusively in Hp-infected male mice, with 23% of rASFHp mice and 40% of IFHp mice developing either intramucosal carcinoma (invasion into the lamina propria or muscularis mucosa) or carcinoma extending into or beyond the submucosal margins (Lertpiriyapong et al., 2014). Here, HP is linked to carcinoma.