IL1B and gastric cancer: This model is particularly relevant as interleukin-1β polymorphisms in humans, especially the IL-1B-31C and IL-1RN2/2 genotypes, are associated with increased gastric cancer risk, particularly in Hp-infected individuals, by promoting hypochlorhydria and enhanced inflammatory responses (de Brito et al., 2018; Sultana et al., 2018; Raza et al., 2017; Nezamzadeh et al., 2021; Jafrin et al., 2021).