This inflammatory cytokine profile mirrors that observed in human chronic gastritis and gastric cancer, where elevated IL-17, IL-6, and TNF-α levels are associated with increased cancer risk and poor prognosis (Bie et al., 2021; Yu B. et al., 2024; Yu et al., 2023; Nie et al., 2023; Low et al., 2020). Here, TNF is linked to gastric cancer.