IL16 and pelvic inflammatory disease: Regarding the IL-16 (rs4072111) gene, a significant association between genetic variations and PI risk was identified among the Chinese Han population.34 However, the relationship between IL-16 (rs4072111) genetic variants and periodontitis susceptibility was insignificant in another study on Brazilians.72 Moreover, particular gene polymorphisms of IL-10 -819 and IL-10 -592 potentially contribute to PI pathogenesis among Iranians.13 In contrast, Jamshidy et al24 denied any significant association between PID and the mentioned polymorphisms in Asian subjects.