CTLA4 and neoplasm: Although the combination of Imfinzi (anti PD-L1) and tremelimumab (anti CTLA-4), developed by AstraZeneca, has not yet been directly tested alongside CAR-T cell therapy, its demonstrated overall survival benefit in a phase III trial for hepatocellular carcinoma provides valuable clinical evidence that dual checkpoint blockade can effectively reprogram the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.