PDCD1 and cancer: The advent of programmed cell death protein 1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) inhibitors has revolutionized cancer treatment by reinvigorating antitumor immunity (1, 2), yet their clinical utility is constrained by immune-related adverse events (irAEs) (3), particularly immune-mediated liver injury (IMLI), due to its heterogeneous presentation and potentially life-threatening consequences.