The result revealed that SGLT2 inhibitors significantly reduced AF/AFL risk compared to placebo in both DM (RR 0.84; 95%CI, 0.73–0.96; I2 = 0%; P = 0.01) and CKD patients (RR 0.72; 95%CI, 0.55–0.94; I2 = 0%; P = 0.02), but showed no significant effect in HF patients (RR 0.90; 95%CI, 0.64–1.27; I2 = 69%; P = 0.56) (Supplementary Figures S1–S3). The gene discussed is SLC5A2; the disease is atrial fibrillation.