When stratified by treatment modality, insulin-treated GDM mothers had higher neonatal birth weights (3760±420 g vs. 3520±400 g; p=0.0119) and higher HOMA-IR values at six months (3.4±0.7 vs. 2.5±0.6; p<0.0001) compared to diet-controlled GDM mothers (Table 6). Here, INS is linked to gestational diabetes.