In agreement with PM exposure alone, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1-AS1, and C5AR2 demonstrated upregulation in each co-exposure group compared to vehicle exposed, influenza infected samples; further, CYP1B1 and IL6 also demonstrated upregulation in each group (Fig. 5A) leading to biological term enrichment for CYP1A1, CYP1B1, and Interleukin (Fig. 5B). Here, CYP1B1 is linked to influenza.