In addition, non-invasive methods such as focused ultrasound, photobiomodulation therapy, and exercise intervention enhance glymphatic function through mechanisms such as enhancing vascular pulsation, regulating AQP4 polarity, or improving lymphatic drainage, opening up new avenues for AD treatment (Von Holstein-Rathlou et al., 2018; Lee et al., 2020; Baik et al., 2021). This evidence concerns the gene AQP4 and Alzheimer disease.