PDCD1 and neoplasm: Functional analysis revealed dual effects on CD8+T cells, demonstrating that the treatment group exhibited increased proportions of IFN-γ+CD8+T cells (Fig. 6D)—critical for tumor cell cytotoxicity—alongside reduced expression of CTLA-4, PD-1, LAG-3, and TIM-3 on CD8+T cells (Fig. 6E, J-L) compared to the model group, collectively suggesting restored immune cell activity.