TGFB1 and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: Encouragingly, promising CAF-targeting therapies have emerged in other solid tumors, including approaches targeting surface markers such as FAP (e.g., OMTX705, an antibody-drug conjugate), secreted factors like TGF-β, and key signaling pathways such as FGFR.48 The CAF-enriched ESCC subtype identified in our study may potentially benefit from these innovative targeted therapies in the future.