INS and Insulin resistance: The volunteers were enrolled in the study if they were insulin resistant (homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance, HOMA-IR > 2.2) and/or had prediabetes (according to American Diabetes Association criteria: fasting blood glucose >5.6 and <7.0 mmol/L or 2 h postprandial glucose after a 2 h oral glucose tolerance test [OGTT] >7.8 and <11.1 mmol/L.24