In contrast, in addition to the commonly upregulated CA2, MDMC2 and RARRES2, AF cells showed alterations in genes involved in mechanical stress, pain sensation, and angiogenesis, such as CSRP3 (Rashid et al., 2015), PI16 (Singhmar et al., 2020), EFEMP1 (Song et al., 2011), and SLC26A4-AS1 (Li et al., 2021; Figure 1C). Here, RARRES2 is linked to atrial fibrillation.