In a preclinical model of colitis induced by DSS administration, the presence of a strain of Lactobacillus crispatus aggravated intestinal inflammation, promoting cell infiltration and activating the expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α (Zhou et al., 2012), thereby indicating that not all species within this genus may be beneficial. Here, TNF is linked to colitis.