HMGB1 and escherichia coli infection: To investigate the effect of inhibiting the mPGES-1–PGE2 axis on the expression of DAMPs during E. coli infection, we measured the mRNA levels of key DAMPs, such as HMGB-1 and HABP-2, in BMDM following treatment with mPGES-1 inhibitors (MF63 and MK886).