HMGA1 and atherosclerosis: LPS may stimulate and accelerate different signaling pathways MyD88/TRIF- AP-1/ MAPK, NF-Kappa B, β1AR, Ca2+ sensing receptor, HMGA1, trigger oxidative stress, which results in the release of multiple inflammatory cytokines, adhesion molecules, ROS, lead to impaired blood flow cardiac dysfunction, atherosclerosis, and myocardial infarction.