MMP1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: To further investigate the interrelationships among MMP1, miR-101-3p, and circ_0001859, Spearman correlation analysis demonstrated a statistically significant inverse correlation between MMP1 and miR-101-3p expression levels, coupled with a strong positive correlation between MMP1 and circ_0001859 expression, thereby substantiating their regulatory network in NSCLC pathogenesis (Supplementary Figures S4B, C).