SPP1 and neoplasm: Consistently, multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC) staining showed that SPP1 tended to localize at the tumor boundary, whereas CD8+ T cells were likely to localize outside of the tumor, with less infiltration in tumor tissues (Figure 5G), hinting at a potential role of SPP1 in shaping the immunosuppressive microenvironment of HCC and at a promising strategy to counteract immunosuppression.