TNF and radiculitis: found that cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, KC/GRO, and IL-4, were elevated in the hippocampus after conventional RT in their study on cognitive function following whole-brain RT in mice, but FLASH-RT showed only three cytokines (IL-1b, TNF-α, and KC/GRO) evaluate and the elevations were much lower, suggesting that FLASH-RT attenuates radiculitis and reduces cognitive impairment following RT.