With the developed insulin resistance, despite insulinsecretion by pancreatic islet β-cells, the insulin receptorpathway enabling glucose uptake in peripheral tissues is impaired.In advanced stages, β-cell dedifferentiation or transdifferentiationoccurs, causing decline of β-cell mass., Therecent introduction of new insulin and incretin analogues has revolutionizeddiabetes treatment because incretins, besides amplification of insulinsecretion, provide trophic effects on β-cells. Here, INS is linked to Insulin resistance.