CSF2 and neoplasm: Pre- and post-treatment MRI from one patient with a longstanding PR after treatment with TAIE + nivolumab is shown in Fig. 1, along with pre-treatment intraprocedural angiogram demonstrating areas of tumor blush and same day post-TAIE fluoroscopic image with opacification from infused GM-CSF of liver parenchyma and intra-tumoral accumulation.