NOS2 and breast carcinoma: Moreover, IFN-γ, IL-1β, and TNF-α are key cytokines released by cytotoxic CD8+ TEff cells (41); in vitro exposure to IFN-γ, IL-1β, and TNF-α induced cellular elongation, migration, and invasion of ER– MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, which were limited by NOS/COX inhibitors (12).