In inflamed RA synovium, macrophages that express a ‘TP signature’ are also exposed to IFN-γ (Kuo et al., 2019; Orange et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2023; Zhang et al., 2021; Zhang et al., 2019), which not only induces ISGs but also augments TLR- and TNF-induced expression of various inflammatory NF-κB target genes including TNF, IL6, and IL12 family members (Mishra and Ivashkiv, 2024). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and rheumatoid arthritis.