The (TNF+PGE2)-costimulated genes were parts of pathogenic gene modules related to IL-1-NF-κB and Jak-STAT signaling, neutrophil chemotaxis, and the Notch pathway that has been recently implicated in RA pathogenesis (Wei et al., 2020; Zack et al., 2024; Figure 2C, blue font = C1 genes). Here, IL1A is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.