The current study further extends this paradigm by showing that TP costimulation promotes expression of additional pathogenic modules in RA including IL-1-related genes that promote tissue degradation, Notch ligands that can activate synovial fibroblasts (Wei et al., 2020; Zack et al., 2024), and neutrophil chemokines that can contribute to initiation or flares of inflammatory arthritis (Gravallese and Firestein, 2023; Zec et al., 2023). The gene discussed is IL1A; the disease is rheumatoid arthritis.