presented an oncolytic virus (OV) evaluation system using microfluidic organ-on-a-chip systems and patient-derived hypopharyngeal and breast cancer organoids, and found that AD4-GHPE, a novel OV, had three antitumor mechanisms: tumor-specific cytotoxicity, a reduction in PD-L1 expression in tumor cells to increase CD8+ T-cell activity, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor secretion (Sun et al., 2025). The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is neoplasm.