TLR4 and Hepatic fibrosis: p-hydroxycinnamic acid, a natural phenolic compound, was reported to suppress the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, reduce IL-1β precursor expression, and attenuate NLRP3 inflammasome activation in a mouse model of high-fat, high-sucrose diet-induced liver fibrosis, thereby inhibiting HSCs activation (Truong et al., 2023).