TNF and neoplasm: The cell cycle and PI3K-Akt pathways are particularly associated with tumor cell proliferation, migration, and survival (Ren et al., 2022; Mohamed et al., 2022), while NF-kappa B and TNF signaling pathways are linked to immune responses and inflammation (Zhao et al., 2022; Lei et al., 2020; Qin et al., 2024a).