SIRT1 and Insulin resistance: The mechanisms underlying these effects are primarily attributed to berberine’s activation of the AMPK pathway, which improves insulin resistance (IR) (Geng et al., 2016), and the AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway, which promotes adipose tissue browning and energy expenditure (Xu et al., 2021; Li et al., 2022, p. 3).