TNF and periodontitis: Of which, TNF-α is one of the main cytokines participating in the inflammation-induced local alveolar bone resorption, it has regulatory effects on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts and osteoclasts, and may be a key factor for the periodontal disease to cause soft and hard tissue injury.[12] The concentration of IL-1β is closely correlated with the severity of periodontitis.