TNF and periodontitis: The effects of combined orthodontic–systemic periodontal treatment on the visual analog scale (VAS) score, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels in gingival sulcus fluid of periodontitis patients were assessed, so as to determine whether the combined orthodontic–systemic periodontal treatment can improve the objective and subjective treatment benefits of patients, now it is reported as follows.