WNT5A and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: In addition to mediating effector molecule transfer between heterotypic cells, exosomes can also carry Wnt5a and proinflammatory cytokines, delivering these molecules to various organs, as observed in the blood of COPD patients, thereby exacerbating disease progression [164], highlighting the broader cross-organ communication role of exosomes in promoting the pathogenesis of COPD.