PPARGC1A and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: In addition, the adenylate cyclase 3 (Adcy3) gene, which has been reported to be a marker gene of brown adipocytes12 and cause severe obesity by its loss-of-function mutation in human13,14, exhibited higher expression in female mice than in male mice (Fig. S1b) and showed a strong positive correlation with Pgc1a expression in both sexes (Fig. S1c).