CD274 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Moreover, preclinical studies on macrophage-targeted therapy combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors are being extensively conducted in NSCLC, and it was suggested that blockade of purine metabolism can reverse macrophage immunosuppression, and a synergetic effect can be achieved when combined with anti-PD-L1 therapy, which inspired the direction of our early intervention strategies (Wang et al., 2024; Yang et al., 2025).