DON has been proven in both in vivo and in vitro experiments to induce tissue inflammation and exacerbate inflammatory damage in infection models by activating the NF-κB signaling pathway and upregulating pro-inflammatory factors such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β (Tardivel et al. 2015; Pierron, et al. 2024). Here, NFKB1 is linked to infection.