IL1B and Cognitive impairment: Clinical research by Annamaria Cattaneo et al. found that elevated plasma levels of NLRP3, IL-1β, and CXCL2 in patients with cognitive impairment and cerebral amyloidosis were strongly linked to higher levels of pro-inflammatory bacteria (Escherichia coli/Shigella) and reduced levels of anti-inflammatory bacteria (Faecalibacterium rectale) (Cattaneo et al., 2017).