DPP4 and diabetes mellitus: Antidiabetic medications, encompassing various classes such as insulin, sulfonylureas, metformin, thiazolidinediones, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, have played a pivotal role in diabetes management by targeting diverse aspects of glucose homeostasis11.