Activation of NF-κB induces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, TGF-β) and adhesion molecules (IL-6, IL-1β and ICAM-1) (Surai et al. 2024), thus intensifying tissue injury in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. Here, TGFB1 is linked to Cerebral ischemia.