TGFB1 and neoplasm: For instance, TGF‐β secreted by CAFs in HCC and CRC drives EMT and immunosuppression, yet its efficacy depends on CAF polarization: N2‐polarized CAFs enhance TGF‐β signaling to recruit immunosuppressive neutrophils, whereas M2‐like CAFs prioritize the paracrine activation of PD‐L1 expression on tumor cells [81, 84, 87, 88].