The immune effects of tumor‐directed vaccines, PD‐L1 blockade, TGF‐β sequestration, IL‐15 agonism, and IDO1 inhibition can be additive and/or synergistic. This includes TGF‐β’s putative role in T‐cell exclusion from the tumor microenvironment (TME) in metastatic urothelial carcinoma, which can be reversed with dual targeting of TGF‐β and PD‐L1. The gene discussed is IL15; the disease is neoplasm.