APOE and diabetes mellitus: A recent study found that individuals with focal epilepsy are four times more likely to develop dementia (hazard ratio [HR] 4.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.45–4.68), and those with both focal epilepsy and high cardiovascular risk (including diabetes and APOE e4 allele) are over 13 times more likely to develop dementia (HR 13.66, 95% CI 10.61–17.60) (Tai et al., 2023).