TNF and major depressive disorder: In addition, TNFα, predict the onset of major depressive disorder over the subsequent months or years in otherwise healthy individuals (Baune et al., 2012a; Khandaker et al., 2014a; Lamers et al., 2019a; Milaneschi et al., 2009a; Miller et al., 2019a) and intravenous administration of pro-inflammatory agents triggers the appearance of depressive symptoms (Capuron and Miller, 2011; Eggermont et al., 2008; Engler et al., 2017a; Friebe et al., 2010; Lasselin et al., 2020; Madeeh Hashmi et al., 2013).