TSC1 and neoplasm: Recent studies showed that combinatorial therapy with an ER stress inducer, nelfinavir, in the presence of an autophagy inhibitor, chloroquine (Johnson et al., 2015), or a proteasomal inhibitor, bortezomib (Johnson et al., 2018), showed promise in both in vitro and in vivo models of TSC to reduce tumour size and to selectively kill TSC-deficient cells.