TLR4 and thyroid gland carcinoma: This process is triggered by Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and the complement protein C3 in response to S. aureus (34, 35), as well as by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) (32, 36–40), granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and complement factor 5a (C5a) (41, 42), conditioned media from thyroid cancer cells (43), and immune complexes (42, 44, 45).