ASPH and neoplasm: Their enhanced activity may result from the direct stimulation of DCs and macrophages, which can support anti-tumor immunity by activating CD8+ T cells, among other ways.58,59 Alternatively, ASPH inhibition may indirectly affect immune cells by inhibiting ASPH molecules produced by tumor cells and displayed on their surface25 or transferred via exosomes.11,60 In support of this possibility, the study using recombinant ASPH demonstrated its suppressive effect on NK cell function.23