NKX3-2 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: To further investigate the causal role of PPARD in gastric smooth muscle dysfunction during obesity, future studies will employ a conditional knockout strategy using PPARD-flox/flox mice crossed with smooth muscle–specific Cre lines (e.g., Sm22-Cre, Myh11-CreERT2), and potentially Bapx1-Cre for gastric specificity [48], to selectively ablate PPARD in gastric smooth muscle cells under HFD conditions.