Further evidence supporting the involvement of innate immunity includes the elevated expression of pattern recognition receptors such as melanoma differentiation–associated gene-5 (MDA5), retinoic acid–inducible gene I (RIG-I), toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), and TLR4 in the pancreatic islets of patients with fulminant type 1 diabetes [39]. The gene discussed is TLR3; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.