VAPB and Alzheimer disease: VAPB has been reported to be associated with multiple neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), α-synucleinopathy, Parkinson’s disease (PD), and multiple system atrophy (MSA), which results from either mutation in VAPB, reduction in its levels, or disruption of its interaction with PTPIP51 [18].