IL1B and rheumatoid arthritis: In the context of inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, syringin has been shown to suppress macrophage M1 polarization and reduce the secretion of key pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) via the inhibition of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) [12].