VEGFA and cancer: In non-neuronal cells, neurotransmitters (like adrenaline and noradrenaline) play a role in the growth of various cancer types of cells by directly activating intracellular signaling pathways (PKC, AKT, ERK) or indirectly by releasing factors like epidermal growth factor (EGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which regulate proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis [35,42].