KEAP1 and neoplasm: Moreover, KEAP1 mutation was associated with lower human leukocyte antigen (HLA) expression and lower enrichment scores of 18 immune-related pathways, including the IL-17 signaling pathway, complement and coagulation cascade, platelet activation, toll-like receptor signalling and other pathways, resulting in a cold tumour microenvironment, with a lower likelihood of responding to immunotherapy.