Distinguishing between PANS and PANDAS may aid in identifying patients who could benefit from personalized therapeutic approaches—such as probiotics like Escherichia coli Nissle 1917, which has shown efficacy in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s disease by reducing levels of LPS, zonulin, and NOX2 [26], dietary interventions [27], or antioxidant treatments targeting NOX2 activation and oxidative stress. The gene discussed is CYBB; the disease is Alzheimer disease.